Fluid titration system

ABSTRACT

A fluid titration system has an optical sensor, a physiological monitor, a titration controller and an infusion device. The optical sensor transmits multiple wavelengths of light into a tissue site of a person and detects the optical radiation after attenuation by pulsatile blood flowing within the tissue site. The physiological monitor receives a resulting sensor signal and derives a plethysmograph that corresponds to the pulsatile blood flow. The monitor also calculates a plethysmograph variability measure that is responsive to changes in perfusion at the tissue site. A titration controller generates a fluid control output according to the variability measure. The infusion device administers a liquid solution via an intravenous (IV) connection to the person according to the fluid control output so as to regulate at least one of a fluid flow start, rate and stop.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/794,838, filed on Oct. 26, 2017, entitled “Fluid Titration System,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/287,060, filed on Nov. 1, 2011, entitled “Fluid Titration System,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,820,691, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/208,998, filed on Sep. 11, 2008, entitled “Fluid Titration System,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,040, which claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/993,584, filed Sep. 13, 2007, entitled “Fluid Titration System;” the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a physiological monitoring system 100 having a physiological monitor 120, a noninvasive sensor 130 attached to a tissue site 1, and a sensor cable 140 interconnecting the monitor 120 and the sensor 130. Physiological monitoring systems for measuring constituents of circulating blood have gained rapid acceptance in a wide variety of medical applications, including surgical wards, intensive care and neonatal units, general wards, home care, physical training, and virtually all types of monitoring scenarios. The noninvasive sensor 130 has light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a detector. The LEDs transmit optical radiation into the tissue site 1, and the detector responds to the intensity of the optical radiation after absorption by pulsatile blood flow within the tissue site. Based upon this response, the physiological monitor 120 determines measurements for physiological parameters. The physiological monitoring system 100 may incorporate pulse oximetry, which is a widely accepted noninvasive procedure for measuring physiological parameters, such as oxygen saturation and pulse rate among others. The physiological monitoring system 100 may also incorporate advanced features, such as a multiple wavelength sensor and advanced processes for determining other physiological parameters, such as carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin and total hemoglobin, as a few examples. The physiological monitor 120 displays the physiological parameters and typically provides visual and audible alarm mechanisms that alert a caregiver when these parameters are outside of predetermined limits.

Pulse oximeters capable of reading through motion induced noise are disclosed in at least U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,770,028, 6,658,276, 6,650,917, 6,157,850, 6,002,952, 5,769,785, and 5,758,644; low noise pulse oximetry sensors are disclosed in at least U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,088,607 and 5,782,757; all of which are assigned to Masimo Corporation, Irvine, Calif. (“Masimo”) and are incorporated by reference herein.

Physiological monitors and corresponding multiple wavelength optical sensors are described in at least U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,013, filed Mar. 1, 2006 and entitled Multiple Wavelength Sensor Emitters and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/366,208 [11,367,033], filed Mar. 1, 2006 and entitled Noninvasive Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor, both assigned to Masimo Laboratories, Irvine, Calif. (Masimo Labs) and both incorporated by reference herein.

Further, physiological monitoring systems that include low noise optical sensors and pulse oximetry monitors, such as any of LNOP® adhesive or reusable sensors, SofTouch™ sensors, Hi-Fi Trauma™ or Blue™ sensors; and any of Radical®, SatShare™, Rad-9™, Rad-5™, Rad-5v™ or PPO+™ Masimo SET® pulse oximeters, are all available from Masimo. Physiological monitoring systems including multiple wavelength sensors and corresponding noninvasive blood parameter monitors, such as Rainbow™ adhesive and reusable sensors and RAD-57™ and Radical-7™ monitors for measuring SpO₂, pulse rate, perfusion index, signal quality, HbCO and HbMet among other parameters are also available from Masimo.

FIG. 2 illustrates the standard plethysmograph waveform 200, which can be derived from a pulse oximetry system, as described above. The plethysmograph waveform 200 illustrates light absorption at the tissue site, shown along the y-axis 10, versus time, shown along the x-axis 20. The total absorption includes components of static absorption 210 and variable absorption 220. Static absorption 210 is due to tissue, venous blood and a base volume of arterial blood. Variable absorption 220 is due to the pulse-added volume of arterial blood. That is, the plethysmograph waveform 200 is a visualization of the tissue site arterial blood volume change over time, and is a function of heart stroke volume, pressure gradient, arterial elasticity and peripheral resistance. The ideal waveform pulse 230 displays a broad peripheral flow curve, with a short, steep inflow phase 232 followed by a 3 to 4 times longer outflow phase 234. The inflow phase 232 is the result of tissue distention by the rapid blood volume inflow during ventricular systole. During the outflow phase 234, blood flow continues into the vascular bed during diastole. The plethysmograph baseline 240 indicates the minimum basal tissue perfusion.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 3 illustrates a hypovolemic plethysmograph waveform 300, i.e. a plethysmograph displaying characteristics of a person having an abnormal decrease in blood volume. Hypovolemia is often caused from blood loss during surgery or due to an injury. Under hypovolemic conditions, a respiration-induced cyclical variation occurs in a plethysmograph baseline 340. In particular, the baseline 340 varies with a period corresponding to the respiration rate 350. This cyclical variation is particularly evident in patients undergoing positive ventilation. The amount of cyclical variation correlates to a person's blood volume, i.e. the less blood volume the greater the cyclical variation in the plethysmograph waveform. Accordingly, a measure of plethysmograph variation may be indicative of hypovolemic conditions.

FIG. 4 illustrates a plethysmograph 400 plotted on an amplitude axis 30 versus a time axis 40. As described above, the amplitude may be responsive to light absorption of pulsatile blood flow with a person's tissue. The plethysmograph 400 has multiple pulses 460 each with a peak 462 and a valley 464 and extending over a time period 466. A perfusion index (PI) value can be defined for each pulse 460:

$\begin{matrix} {{PI} = {{AC}\text{/}{DC}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where “AC” 454 designates a peak amplitude 462 minus a valley amplitude 464 for a particular pulse and where “DC” 456 designates a peak amplitude 462 for a particular pulse. In an embodiment, an IR channel plethysmograph from a detector response to an IR wavelength LED is utilized to calculate Pl. A plethysmograph variability index (PVI) is then calculated that is responsive to variations in perfusion index, as described below.

In an embodiment, PVI calculations utilize only PI values resulting from acceptable plethysmograph pulses. For example, a red channel plethysmograph responsive to a red wavelength LED is used to verify acceptable pulses in the IR channel. Physiological plethysmograph identification is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,918 titled Plethysmograph Pulse Recognition Processor, which is incorporated by reference herein. PVI values are calculated from a sorted and trimmed buffer representing a sliding time window of PI values. The sort orders the PI values from the minimum PI at one end of the buffer to the maximum PI at the other end of the buffer. A predetermined number of both maximum and minimum PIs are deleted from each end of the buffer and PVI is calculated as:

$\begin{matrix} {{PVI} = {\left\lbrack {\left( {{PI}_{MAX} - {PI}_{MIN}} \right)\text{/}{PI}_{MAX}} \right\rbrack \times 100}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

That is, PVI is the PI variation, expressed as a percentage of the difference between the maximum and minimum PIs remaining in the buffer. In an embodiment, a median PVI is calculated from PVIs stored in a second buffer. PVI is described in U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 60/873,663 filed Dec. 9, 2006 titled Plethysmograph Variability Index, incorporated by reference herein. A PVI enabled physiological monitor advantageously provides a noninvasive numerical measure of hypovolemic conditions so as to titrate patient fluids.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a physiological monitoring system;

FIG. 2 is an absorption versus time graph of a standard pulse oximeter plethysmograph;

FIG. 3 is an absorption versus time graph of a plethysmograph exhibiting a respiration-induced, baseline cyclical variation;

FIG. 4 is a plethysmograph illustrating measurement of a plethysmograph variability index (PVI);

FIG. 5 is a general block diagram of an intravenous fluid titration system;

FIG. 6 is a general block diagram of a physiological monitoring system configured for a fluid titration application; and

FIGS. 7-8 are illustrations of intravenous fluid titration system embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 5 illustrates a fluid titration system 500 having a sensor 510 attached to a person 2, a physiological monitor 520, a fluid titration controller 530 and an intravenous (IV) infusion device 540. Advantageously, the fluid titration system 500 utilizes a perfusion variability parameter, such as PVI described above, to regulate the administration of fluids to a person so as to control or prevent low blood volume or a hypovolemia. A noninvasive, optical sensor 510 allows a measure of tissue blood perfusion by detecting the absorption of sensor transmitted light by pulsatile blood flow within a tissue site, such as a finger, foot or ear to name a few. A sensor signal 512 responsive to that absorption is received and processed by the physiological monitor 520, which derives a plethysmograph variability index (PVI) or other measure of plethysmograph variability or, similarly, blood perfusion variability. A fluid titration controller 530 is responsive to PVI 522 and in particular to relatively large values of PVI indicating relatively large variations in perfusion index, a potential indicator of hypovolemia. The fluid titration controller 530, in turn, provides a control output 532 to an intravenous (IV) infusion device 540 so as to regulate circulating fluids and alleviate a hypovolemic condition in the person 2. The IV infusion device 540 administers a liquid solution, such as blood products or nutrient fluids injected directly into a vein (usually in the arm) at a prescribed rate over a period of time. In a closed-loop embodiment, the fluid titration controller 530 is responsive to PVI 522 or similar measure so as to start, control the rate of, or stop the infusion of fluids into the person 2. In an open-loop embodiment, the fluid titration controller 530 presents a display or other indicator 534 to a care provider 3 who manually inputs an adjustment or other setting 541 into the infusion device 540 so as to start, control the rate of, or stop the infusion of fluids into the person 2.

As shown in FIG. 5, the fluid titration controller 530 may be implemented in the physiological monitor 520, implemented in the IV infusion device 540, distributed between the physiological monitor 520 and the IV infusion device 540, or implemented as a standalone processing device. In an embodiment, the fluid titration controller 530 is a firmware process executed within the physiological monitor 520, as described with respect to FIG. 6, below. Physically, the physiological monitor 520 and the IV infusion device 540 may be separate units, as described with respect to FIG. 7, below, or combined into a single unit, as described with respect to FIG. 8, below.

FIG. 6 illustrates a physiological monitoring system 600 capable of generating one or more blood parameter measurements such as oxygen saturation, perfusion index, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, to name a few. The monitoring system 600 has a sensor 510 and a physiological monitor 520. The sensor 510 attaches to a tissue site 1 and includes a plurality of emitters 610 capable of irradiating the tissue site 1 with various wavelengths of light, such as the red and infrared (IR) wavelengths utilized in pulse oximetry or multiple wavelengths different than or in addition to pulse oximetry wavelengths such as for measuring abnormal hemoglobin constituents. The sensor 510 also includes one or more detectors 612 capable of detecting the emitted light after attenuation by the tissue site 1.

As shown in FIG. 6, the physiological monitor 520 communicates with the sensor 510 to receive one or more intensity signals 614 responsive to one or more physiological parameters, then calculates and displays the parameter values. The physiological monitor 520 has drivers 620 that convert digital control signals into analog drive signals capable of driving the emitters 610. A front-end 630 converts composite analog intensity signal(s) 614 from the detector(s) 612 into digital data 632 input to a digital signal processor (DSP) 640. The input digital data 632 is referred to herein as a plethysmograph waveform or a “plethysmograph” for short. In an embodiment, the input digital data 632 is a multiplexed data stream including a red channel plethysmograph and an IR channel plethysmograph generated from alternate activation of red and IR wavelength emitters 610. The DSP 640 may comprise a wide variety of data and/or signal processors capable of executing processes in one or more of hardware, software and firmware for determining physiological parameters from the input data 632. In an embodiment, the DSP 640 generates PVI measurements 642 responsive to an IR channel plethysmograph portion of the digital data 632.

Also shown in FIG. 6, a fluid titration process, such as firmware executing on the DSP, inputs the PVI measurements 642 and generates control values 644 that are communicated directly or indirectly to an IV infusion device 540 (FIG. 5) so as to start, stop, continue or modify the infusion of fluids into a person 2 (FIG. 5). In an embodiment, the fluid titration process 670 is closed-loop and control values 644 are communicated to an IV infusion device 540 (FIG. 5) without human intervention. In an embodiment, the fluid titration process 670 is open-loop and control values 644 are communicated to a care provider 3 (FIG. 5) via a display 662, audible indicator 664 or other human interface device so that the care provider can manually adjust or provide settings for the IV infusion device 540 (FIG. 5) so as to regulate fluid infusion into the person 2 (FIG. 5).

Also shown in FIG. 6, the instrument manager 650 may comprise one or more microcontrollers controlling system management, such as monitoring the activity of the DSP 640 and communicating with I/O devices 660. In an embodiment, I/O devices 660 include one or more of a display 662, an audible indicator 664, a user input 666 and a device interface 688. A display 662 includes for example a readout, colored light or graphic generated by one or more of an LED, LCD, plasma screen or CRT, to name a few. An audible indicator 664 includes, for example, one or more of a speaker or other audio transducer. The user input device 666 may include, for example, one or more of a keypad, touch screen, pointing device, voice recognition device, or the like, or a network, computer or similar device that provides an external input capability.

Further shown in FIG. 6, the display 662, the audible indicator 664 or both in combination are capable of conveying information so that a caregiver 3 (FIG. 5) can manually adjust or otherwise provide inputs for a medical instrument, such as an IV infusion device 540 (FIG. 5), according to digital data 632 derived from an optical sensor 510 and processed by the DSP 640, the instrument manager 650 or both. For example, besides displaying indicia representative of calculated physiological parameters such as one or more of a pulse rate (PR), signal quality and values of blood constituents in body tissue, the display 662 is capable of guiding manual adjustment of an IV infusion device, such as by indicating a +, −, “on” and “off” to prompt a manual increase, decrease, stop or start of fluid flow.

In an embodiment, the instrument manager 650 provides a control signal 659 responsive to control values 644 calculated by the fluid titration firmware 670. The control signal 659 communicates with a device interface 668 so as to generate a corresponding IV infusion device control 532. For example, the instrument manager 360 converts PVI measurements 344 to a control signal 644 and transmits the control signal via the control port 659 to a device interface 668.

In an embodiment, an input port 658 responds to a user input device 666, such as a keypad, network, computer or similar device that provides an external interface. Using this interface, a caregiver 3 (FIG. 5) can initialize the instrument manager 650 with patient information, infusion device type and fluid type to name a few. During operation, the instrument manager converts the control values 644 to an appropriate control signal 659 according to the initialization information.

The fluid titration process 670 may be DSP firmware that executes a closed-loop algorithm for controlling an IV infusion device 540 based upon PVI or other measured plethysmograph or perfusion variability parameter. In an embodiment, the fluid titration process 670 triggers a control output 644 so as to disable fluid flow from the IV infusion device 540 if PVI falls below a predetermined threshold or otherwise reflects that hypovolemia may no longer be indicated for a patient 2 (FIG. 5). In an embodiment, the fluid titration process 670 triggers a control output 644 so as to enable fluid flow from the IV infusion device 540 if PVI increases above a predetermined threshold or otherwise reflects that hypovolemia may no longer be indicated for a patient 2 (FIG. 5). In an embodiment, the fluid titration process 670 modifies a control output 644 so as to adjust the rate of fluid flow or total administered amount of fluid flow from the IV infusion device 540 according to changes in PVI that reflect that hypovolemia may be decreasing or increasing in severity.

FIG. 7 illustrates a fluid titration system embodiment 700 having an optical sensor 710 attached to a person 2; a physiological monitor 720; a sensor cable 730 interconnecting the sensor 710 and monitor 720; an IV infusion device 740; a control cable 750 interconnecting the monitor 720 and infusion device 740; and an IV tube 760 also attached to the person 2. The optical sensor 710 provides a sensor signal via a sensor cable 730 to the physiological monitor 720. The physiological monitor 720 generates blood parameter measurements and processes those parameters to generate monitor and control outputs, as described with respect to FIGS. 5-6, above. In particular, the physiological monitor 720 generates control signals via a control cable 750 to the IV infusion device 740, which provides fluids to the person 2 via the IV tube 760.

FIG. 8 illustrates another fluid titration system embodiment 800 having an optical sensor 810 and an IV tube 840 attached to a person 2 at one end and an integrated physiological monitor 820 at another end. The integrated physiological monitor 820 incorporates the functions of a physiological monitor 520 (FIG. 6) and an IV infusion device within a single unit or within physically connected units.

A fluid titration system has been disclosed in detail in connection with various embodiments. These embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the claims that follow. One of ordinary skill in art will appreciate many variations and modifications. 

1. A method of managing a blood volume of a patient, the method comprising: noninvasively detecting, with a detector of an optical sensor, light attenuated by a tissue of the patient at a measurement site; outputting, with the optical sensor, a signal responsive to the light; determining, with one or more hardware processors, a first measure of variability from at least a ratio of a pulsatile component to a nonpulsatile component of the signal, the pulsatile component being responsive to variable absorption in a blood volume in the tissue and the nonpulsatile component being responsive to static absorption in the blood volume in the tissue; determining, with the one or more hardware processors, that the first measure of variability indicates a need for the patient to receive a liquid solution; and in response to determining that the first measure of variability indicates the need, outputting a first infusion indication for presentation to a caregiver, the first infusion indication indicating to administer the liquid solution to the patient.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, with the one or more hardware processors, a second measure of variability from at least the ratio of the pulsatile component to the nonpulsatile component of the signal at a first time, the first time being different from a second time at which the first measure of variability is determined; determining, with the one or more hardware processors, that the second measure of variability does not indicate the need; and in response to determining that the second measure of variability does not indicate the need, outputting a second infusion indication for presentation to the caregiver, the second infusion indication indicating not to administer the liquid solution to the patient.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising visually presenting the first infusion indication and the second infusion indication to the caregiver on a display.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: visually presenting the first infusion indication to the caregiver on a display as +, on, increase, or start; and visually presenting the second infusion indication to the caregiver on the display as −, off, decrease, or stop.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising audibly presenting the first infusion indication and the second infusion indication to the caregiver.
 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: comparing the first measure of variability with a threshold to determine whether the first measure of variability indicates the need; and comparing the second measure of variability with the threshold to determine whether the second measure of variability indicates the need.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the ratio of the pulsatile component to the nonpulsatile component from a sliding time window of values determined from the signal.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measure of variability is responsive to a dehydration condition of the patient or a hemorrhaging condition of the patient.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising visually presenting the first infusion indication to the caregiver on a display as +, on, increase, or start.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering the liquid solution to the patient subsequent to the outputting the first infusion indication for presentation to the caregiver.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the administering the liquid solution to the patient is performed using an infusion device separate from a patient monitor comprising the one or more hardware processors.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the first measure of variability with a threshold to determine whether the first measure of variability indicates the need.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the first measure of variability comprises processing a respiration-induced cyclical variation in the signal.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the first measure of variability comprises determining the first measure of variability from at least a change in the ratio of the pulsatile component to the nonpulsatile component.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measure of variability comprises a measure of perfusion index variability of the signal.
 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising irradiating, with one or more emitters of the optical sensor, the tissue with red and infrared wavelengths.
 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, with the one or more hardware processors, a parameter measurement from the signal, the parameter measurement comprising carboxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid solution comprises blood products or nutrient fluids.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement site comprises a finger.
 20. Non-transitory physical computer storage comprising computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more hardware processors, are configured to implement a process comprising: receiving a signal generated by a detector of an optical sensor, the signal being responsive to light attenuated by a tissue of a patient at a measurement site; determining a first measure of variability from at least a ratio of a pulsatile component to a nonpulsatile component of the signal, the pulsatile component being responsive to variable absorption in a blood volume of the tissue and the nonpulsatile component being responsive to static absorption in the blood volume of the tissue; determining that the first measure of variability indicates a need for the patient to receive a liquid solution; and in response to determining that the first measure of variability indicates the need, outputting a first infusion indication for presentation to a caregiver, the first infusion indication indicating to administer the liquid solution to the patient. 